Accounting in Global Organisations-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Talk about the Challenges of Accounting in Global Organizations. Answer: Presentation: The accompanying section dives in to the bookkeeping framework and its difficulties that the worldwide association faces during their business exhibitions. Actually, a few components have been recognized and the issues have just been talked about in the primary part. This section would rely upon the significance of the examination on different academic articles and the points that have just been tended to partner the picked subject. With steady contention and counter contention on the applicable exploration works, this part would attempt to discover the missing connections in relationship with the difficulties of bookkeeping. Plainly the administration bookkeeping experts should guarantee adjustment of the adjustments so as to keep significance with the seriousness later on circumstances and practices in bookkeeping part. Various elements have been identified that would decide the act of bookkeeping of the worldwide associations in PAN world. These elements are: the adjustments regar ding mechanical mediation, changes as far as business reaction, change receptacle producing rehearses, auxiliary chain of command, ecological components and hierarchical variables. Presentation of Global Capital Market and Its impact on Accounting: Worldwide capital market and the downturn have basic connection with one another. The worldwide procedure of bookkeeping has a standard kept up by the greater part of the worldwide capital organizations. Indeed, rise of the capital areas in economy has direct effect upon the bookkeeping framework. For example, the downturn of 2008 had disassembled the whole business divisions and their monetary practices. because of abrupt destruction of the estimation of the money and the merciless of enormous number of the representatives, the bookkeeping rehearses encountered an unexpected change. The organizations felt colossal difficulties to carry on a similar method of evaluation. In the year 2010, the worldwide capital market confronted a tremendous recuperation having been upheld by the value showcase capitalisation. In this viewpoint, the bookkeeping framework ensured that the capital market and its quality stays flawless in the forthcoming years. Notwithstanding, it can't to be guaranteed that changes would not be influencing the current bookkeeping exhibitions. Since nobody can anticipate the adjustments in the market as far as the method of income and financial cycle, it is very hard for the capital businesses to discover quick potential approaches to battle the difficulties of bookkeeping. Inspite of solid market rehearses by the associations in 2009 and 2010, bookkeeping in the exchanging areas has been very rushed. There raised the issue of validity. Worldwide Financial Crisis and Accounting: Bookkeeping rehearses are significantly involved in relationship with the progressing budgetary emergency in various nations. So as to recapitalise the quality of the monetary foundations regarding interceding in to the reality of superior of the associations, the bookkeeping rehearses are too be set under specific measures. As indicated by Rajhi Mala and Parmod Chand, FVA (Fair Value Accounting) is a factor to compromise the intermingling of bookkeeping rehearses over the world. In spite of the fact that FVA has been acknowledged by International Financial Report Standards, it has certain misfortunes that would scrutinize the believability of the equivalent. Global money related emergency, yet in addition the individual budgetary emergency of the nations is emphatically tended to by IASB (International Accounting standard Board). Supportability in Accounting: Business supportability and social obligation of the corporate lead the associations in to the act of fruitful evaluation of income inside the organization. Notwithstanding, International Federation of Accountants has distinguished a few difficulties relating to the bookkeeping with viability from the working duty alongside natural and corporate commitments. As indicated by IFAC, the organizations face certain difficulties as the workers are not seen as adaptable with regards to the matter of bookkeeping. Three key measurements have been found by various researchers and even by the individuals from IFAC. These are financial suitability, social prosperity, and obligation related with the earth. Since the bookkeepers work in their individual territories to discover the importance of implanting the components of supportability both social and corporate, they have to get a handle on the progressions related with the undertaking they are qualified for do. It has been seen that the workers the bookkeepers are charmed inside a specific hover as they are probably going to hold fast to the guidelines and strategies set by the associations (Ifac.org 2017). The Inequality impressions of Nations: There isn't sufficient uncertainty in the way that salary imbalance exists both between the countries and inside the countries. There has been an understanding in the way that there is a chance of an expansion in both the cases. The general reasons for imbalance are licensed differently to factors like characteristic asset ownership, administration and struggle alongside the adjustments in the innovation, cost of transportation and globalization. As per the UN, imbalance can be expressed as an issue of social equity alongside it being danger to political, conservative and social consistency over the globe (Alsamawi et al. 2017). Components to the factor of disparity like the horrendous worldwide outcomes as insecurity that lies socially, strategically and financially has certain implication for the worldwide activity. There has been absence of any unmistakable arrangement identified with this issue and the ID of disparity alongside the outcomes it carries with the dedication. Buyer dollar rivalry has had the option to drive interest for less expensive administrations and products. The discussion that exists around the reasons for the imbalance inside nation and inside the nations it has been rising or falling has stayed unsolved. Accusing of the awful governments in nations like that is for the most part speculation of issues. Worldwide organizations have been working with these countries. Worldwide exchange is generally about the relationship of the merchandise between the organizations situated in different nations rather than the progression of the products between the nations, so the organizations ought to be assuming the fault for supporting and misusing the factor of difference (Reyes, Lenzen and Murray 2016). The imbalance impression can offer an instrument in helping the following of the disparity worried in merchandise as they have been moving the world over. Elective Accounting: In the year 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) proceeded to give four detailing alternatives for disentangling the U.S. By and large Accepted Principles (GAAP) for the private associations. In the current situation, the FASB is making things simpler for the private associations in choosing the elective bookkeeping or announcing techniques by killing the idealness appraisal. Little GAAP: For the majority of the years, the private associations alongside their partners have been griping about FASB and its provide food a lot into the greater and open associations, overlooking the private and littler organizations having less convoluted issues in money related revealing. Consequently, in the year 2012, the Financial Accounting Foundation (parent association of FASB) perceived the Private Company Council (PCC). The fundamental job of its is the revision of regions of GAAP that are dubious for the private associations and exhorting the ways FASB could make the principles progressively easier, without arrangement on the dependability factor of the data offered to the clients of the budget report (Biondi and Giannoccolo 2015). The FASB closed down four elective choices of announcing: a. Bookkeeping Standards Update (ASU No. 2014-02), Intangibles-Goodwill and Other: Accounting For Goodwill. In this other option, private associations may be choosing amortization of generosity over period not surpassing 10 years, rather than testing it on yearly reason for mutilation. ASU No. 2014-03, Hedging and Derivatives: Pertaining for Certain Receive-Variable, Rate Swaps of pay-Fixed Interest-Approach of Simplified Hedge Accounting. This would encourage the non-budgetary private associations in choosing a simpler variant of fence bookkeeping while at the same time utilizing basic pace of enthusiasm trading to bolt fixed-rate advances. ASU No. 2014-07, Consolidation: Pertaining Uneven Entities of Interest Supervision to Common Manage Leasing Arrangements. This option disentangles the union prerequisites of announcing of lessor in a portion of the grouped organizations letting exchanges. ASU No. 2014-18, Business Combinations, Accounting for Particular Intangible Assets in Business Combination. This blend would absolve the private associations from recognizing certain difficult to-esteem assets of impalpable nature, similar to intangibles that are client arranged, while they would purchase or converging with different associations (Christensen and Nikolaev 2013). At the hour of issue of these choices initially, organizations didn't choose an option prior to the date essential for idealness of the option as expressed in Accounting Standards Codification Topic 250. Focusing on Global Accounting Standards: From the year 2001 till 2011, the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) alongside its International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), obtained the deepest situation in the activity and guideline of the money related treatment over the globe. As an interesting example of a private portion body circumstance of the guidelines with the lawful power inside a few wards (Albu, Albu and Alexander 2014). The ascent of the IFSB into greatness has been accompanied by the discussions of striking political nature about the administration and the factor of responsibility. Likewise, the creative endeavors

Career Counseling (Case study)

Question: Examine about the Career Counseling. Answer: Presentation Profession directing is a route through which Counselors and aides help one to comprehend and know oneself and their universe of work better. This guide in settling on better vocation choices which in long haul advances extraordinary improvement in profession and life (Heppner Jung, 2012). Vocation advising empowers an individual to pick a profession which is tuning in, totally with the abilities and intrigue he has. This report tends to Mr. Tan who is the directing director. The report illuminates vocation guiding of a multi year old instructor. Here we will follow and talk about the hypotheses and evaluation instruments identified with profession directing. In setting with that we will inspect the expert and moral duties in the directing procedure. The report has been partitioned into isolated parts where initial segment completely contemplates the instance of Mr. John while second spotlights on dissecting speculations which relate the most with the current case. The third part examines all the appraisals strategies and techniques which would be applied the customer. Contextual analysis on customers circumstance This report intently contemplates John and his current clash and disappointment with work. John is an instructor and has been working since most recent 15 years. He looks for vocation advising in light of an inadmissible work gratefulness which brings up an issue in his brain of whether he should proceed with educating calling. Moreover, to exacerbate things his 17 years child was as of late determined to have character issue. These issues are prompting clashes among him and his companion. This everything is causing John to feel that he isn't defending with his work or his works are not being acknowledged well. Truth be told, he believes he isn't getting a charge out of what he is doing. He detects absence of scholarly test in his current employment and suspects a need to investigate another street. John is truly mistaken for in the case of proceeding with employment will be productive or not. He thinks that its sickening. It appears that he has lost the inclination of being an energ etic instructor. Presently, it becomes advocates obligation to help the customer such that he may grow a loving towards his activity or may find his new advantages towards some other calling. This profession directing of John was isolated into five meetings over a time of a quarter of a year. During advising meetings he referenced about the guardians of his understudies who don't include in their childrens movement and appraisal, yet anticipate that him should work past his level. John considers his to work extremely monotonous which causes him to feel an additional weight of being dependable with less opportunity and less fulfillment. Vocation directing speculations considered On the main meeting itself, the customer was conveyed about the speculations and moral obligations of an advisor under the direction of advocates manager. The most earlier goal of profession directing is to help a customer in the change from the investigation of their advantage, qualities and capacities till settling on choices identified with vocation. It is an advisors obligation to contemplate the customer well and apply just those strategies or systems which are cognizant with the case the methodology or modalities that are applied ought to have grounded hypothesis or appropriate logical establishment (Ivey, Ivey Maquett, 2013). Advocates ought to know about the customers case and ought not continue with any such modalities which may end up being hurtful to customer. One ought not decide on any such destructive techniques additionally if the customer has requested it. The objectives created in course of the guiding helped John in the later meetings to investigate himself better a nd be prepared to acknowledge the inward mental development. The customer was made mindful of the stages which he will experience during the primary directing strategy which incorporates the previously mentioned investigation stage up till an official choice creation stage (Robert Kelly, 2014). The primary day of advising permitted the customer to find and test each conceivable choice which was accessible and would help him in dynamic in the later phases of directing. A Career Diamond model was followed to accomplish the normal results. Further it was disclosed plainly to Mr. John in the event that, he doesn't follow the model as needs be and that is in the event that he takes a straight-line move (from A to D) not profoundly investigating the outside and individual variables it might lead him to future disappointment (Robert Kelly, 2014). This model was picked for an explanation that is a bit by bit disclosure of Mr. Johns appraisal towards his comprehension of himself. Vocation advising speculations applied Sought after of previously mentioned model, the most proper speculations of profession advising which can be used was audited on the second guiding meeting. First being the quality factor hypothesis, proposed by Frank Parson which matches individuals in a static manner with nature (Muratori Smith, 2015). The three principle hypothesizes which portray this hypothesis are people qualities, characteristics, gifts (Creager Deacon, 2012). Putting accentuation on these characteristics and afterward contrasting and the accessible occupations increment the odds of an individual being effective and performing with complete energy. All things considered, this sort of ability coordinating will be gainful just with assistance of guiding. While second was the Career stepping stool of the celebrated scholar Donald Super. It depicts the vocation improvement phases of an individual over a lifetime introducing the perspective on mental development. This procedure shows a general developing procedure. The Supers hypothesis isolates life expectancy advancement into 5 phases that is development (4-13 years), investigation (14-24 years), foundation (25-44 years) support (45-65 years) and separation (65 or more). The characteristic factor hypothesis was thought to be useful to look at Johns capacities and aptitudes and figured it would help suggest him more probable fruitful calling which would at last assist him with pushing ahead throughout everyday life (Di Fabio, Palazzeschi Bar?On, 2012). Moreover, Super Theory was thought to target Johns vocation advancement and would help Counselor to investigate Johns profession development up till currently, additionally offering a knowledge to his future stages. Towards the day's end, john had the option to communicate his traits and abilities which being somewhat joyful mentality towards work. It was additionally seen with assistance of hypothesis that john is more sharp towards some innovative work than being into a tedious work for quit e a while. Study in reference with Super hypothesis recommended a negligible development in Johns profession which was most likely consequence of feeble investigation of enthusiasm during the age of 14-24. On the third advising meeting John passed on the instructor of his youth being brimming with hardship. His dad passed on when he hushed up youthful as a result of which his investigations were influenced seriously. He experienced numerous hardships from that point. He couldn't seek after higher degree and needed to go with an instructing profession to help his mom. This caused advocate to comprehend his aversion toward his work and why he couldn't make the most of his work. Being near his mom he built up a preference for cooking and heating. He built up this ability with developing age and now wants to cook and heat. This continuously has become his diversion. It was discovered appropriate this day to settle on John comprehend RIASEC a lifelong decision hypothesis by John L. Holland. Starting at now, John was clear with his investigation of aptitudes and abilities. He currently could be indicated a path towards condition decision in respects with his abilities. He was made to see tha t it is so imperative to settle on a situation decision in understanding to once characteristics and character which the Holland code plainly recommended. RIASEC alluded to as a portrayal of various characters as Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising and Conventional (Nicodemus, 2012). Advisor with the assistance of his manager Mr. Tan guided John in choosing his workplace need. John being quite a bit of masterful and ambitious character was proposed of starting with his very own business. Being monetarily steady now and furthermore in need of working for himself, John supposedly agreed on this with less wavering. Confidence: A significant perspective Fourth meeting was begun with accentuation on an advocates obligation of understanding and controlling a customer well. Keeping a customers contextual investigation private additionally lies in proficient and moral duty. Now advocate did viewed self as regard of John at work. It is a significant driving component which inspires an individual at work. Confidence accomplished in work recommends an individual being acknowledged, perceived and safe in his workplace. This thus supports up the confidence significantly all the more giving that vitality and solidarity to work considerably harder (Cai et al., 2015). Thus considering this view end up being significant as John has prior referenced about his work not being acknowledged which may have influenced his confidence. This was additionally investigated as to make the explanation behind his despondency clear. His fulfillment in working for himself helps up the purpose of not being perceived for his current work. Appraisal devices applied On any degree of directing, guide can decide on evaluation apparatuses. When instructor wanted to evaluate the customer he did clarified all the deliberate dangers and advantages which the customer would get (Hseih Huang, 2014). Here, subsequent to experiencing the entire case it was understood that the hypotheses applied were the most appropriate for the customer to accomplish the fulfillment and clear picture about his calling which at first was the fundamental necessity. Guide proceeded with two of the evaluation apparatuses which investigated the hypotheses and Johns decisions well. On the fifth and the last meeting Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) was utilized where of a few inquiry was presented to John like is he deep down or ostensibly engaged, on what premise does he take choices (Lloyd, 2012). Another evaluation apparatus Thomas Johnson Temperament Analysis (T-JTA)

Five Simple Habits To Help Boost Your GPA - EasyBib blog

Five Simple Habits To Help Boost Your GPA - EasyBib blog (0) For just three little letters, your GPA has a huge amount of power over your future education or career path. Don’t you owe it to the future you to make sure its as high as possible? The good news is, a few changes to your habits can make a significant difference in your grade point average. Here are five simple things you can do to help improve your GPA and finish the academic year with zero regrets! Pace Yourself It might feel like you have plenty of time before your next exam or essay deadline, but procrastination can quickly kill your academic progress. Spreading your study out more evenly across the semester will give the information time to embed itself in your brain, ready to be retrieved with a last-minute study session. Choose to spend weeks without working hard outside class and youre setting yourself up for a very stressful period of ineffective cramming and rushed paper-writingâ€"neither of which will give you the greatest results. Set a Schedule Setting a schedule is key to perfecting the pace of your study. Wait for inspiration to strike, and the weeks will fly by until youre suddenly faced with an exam, a paper, and a reading list, all at the same time. Ensure that your schedule works for you by noting the times of day that youre most productive at completing different types of academic tasks. You can also try coordinating your study schedule with your class schedule to maintain focus on a specific subject area on a particular day of the week. Learn to Love the Library With pretty much all information now easily accessible online, it can be tempting to skip those traditional library research or study sessions in favor of opening the laptop at your favorite coffee shop (or in front of Netflix). However, making yourself a fixture at your college library has numerous benefits. It’s designed to be conducive to study, with minimal distractions and carefully ordered materials. Helpful librarians can personally assist you in a way that no search engine can compete with, whether it’s with finding the right sources or creating an annotated bibliography. The bookshelves and archives can be a great place to find inspiration, and surrounding yourself with other committed students is a fantastic motivator. Youre also likely to find that simply stepping into a space thats dedicated to study puts you in a productive frame of mind that you just dont get anywhere else. Ditch the Digital Distractions Where you study can eliminate some physical distractions such as chatty roommates or the latest episode of your favorite show, but digital distractions can be harder to avoid. Your smartphone offers instant access to music, movies, and social media, and will make you easily contactable via numerous different apps. This time-sucker can cause pretty much constant temptation, as most of us carry them with us wherever we go. The simplest solution is to either leave your phone elsewhere or switch it off completely. If you feel unable to do that then there are apps that you can install on your smartphone that will block your access to selected apps or functions, or even lock your phone completely, for a time period that you determine. Strike a Balance Its great to be focused on your studies. However, leading a balanced life is important to your mood, health, and general well-being. Sleep, exercise, and good food should also be a priority, as well as making time for socializing, seeing loved ones, spending time on hobbies, and doing other things you enjoy. Sometimes a day of doing nothing at all is exactly what you needed to recharge, sending you into a new day refreshed and ready to study effectively. Getting into good study habits from the start should help you to fulfill your GPA potential with a minimum of stress. Don’t forget about the little details that can lose you points on your papers. Properly formatting your work (in APA style, MLA style or Chicago style format, for example), double-checking spelling and grammar, and ensuring that you correctly cite all your sources on your works cited page are three simple things that EasyBib can help with, freeing you up to focus on getting those grades where you want them to be!

Albert Einstein and the Atomic Bomb - 976 Words

ALBERT EINSTEIN and the ATOMIC BOMB The physicist Albert Einstein did not directly participate in the invention of the atomic bomb. But as we shall see, he was instrumental in facilitating its development. In 1905, as part of his Special Theory of Relativity, he made the intriguing point that a large amount of energy could be released from a small amount of matter. This was expressed by the equation E=mc2 (energy = mass times the speed of light squared). The atomic bomb would clearly illustrate this principle. But bombs were not what Einstein had in mind when he published this equation. Indeed, he considered himself to be a pacifist. In 1929, he publicly declared that if a war broke out he would unconditionally refuse to do war†¦show more content†¦But Bush and other leaders in the atomic bomb project excluded Einstein from any other a-bomb related work. Bush didnt trust Einstein to keep the project a secret: I am not at all sure... [Einstein] would not discuss it in a way that it should not be discussed. (Clark, pg. 684-685; G. Pascal Zachary, Endless Frontier: Vannevar Bush, Engineer of the American Century, pg. 204). As the realization of nuclear weapons grew near, Einstein looked beyond the current war to future problems that such weapons could bring. He wrote to physicist Niels Bohr in December 1944, when the war is over, then there will be in all countries a pursuit of secret war preparations with technological means which will lead inevitably to preventative wars and to destruction even more terrible than the present destruction of life. (Clark, pg. 698). The atomic bombings of Japan occurred three months after the surrender of Germany, whose potential for creating a Nazi a-bomb had led Einstein to push for the development of an a-bomb for the Allies. Einstein withheld public comment on the atomic bombing of Japan until a year afterward. A short article on the front page of the New York Times contained his view: Prof. Albert Einstein... said that he was sure that President Roosevelt would have forbidden the atomic bombing of Hiroshima had he been alive and that it was probably carried out to end the Pacific warShow MoreRelatedThe Greatest Scientific Geniuses Of Albert Einstein972 Words   |  4 Pageshink of Albert Einstein, I picture the famous photo of a man with messy, gray hair sticking his tongue out at the photographers. He is not only famous by his image, but also known as the most famous physicist and one of the greatest scientific geniuses of all time. Albert Einstein was too genius, and his geniuses actually made it difficu lt for us to learn his political views. He was pacifist. He believed in peace, like Gandhi Mohandas, but by the end of war he contributed to the killing of more thanRead MorePersonal Statement Of Albert Einstein776 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal: Albert Einstein was born March 14, 1849, Ulm, Germany. Einstein had one sister her name was Maja Einstein. Albert and his sister were close in age. Albert was born in 1879 and Maja was born in 1881. He was raised and from a Jewish family. Albert Einstein’s parents’ names were Hermann Einstein and Pauline Einstein. His father was a salesman and an engineer and his mother was a homemaker and a very good pianist. For Elementary School, he went to Luitpold Gymnasium in Munich. Someone namedRead MoreLearning Skills : A Unit 5 Lesson 81400 Words   |  6 Pagesquick way to increase your understanding of a subject. 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Evil : The Lord Of The Flies And Wwii1450 Words   |  6 Pagesin the Lord of the Flies, and Mr. Albert Einstein in WWII. In WWII there was significant amount of bloodshed; countries were willing to do whatever it would take to win the war. The U.S. as a result broke the â€Å"circle of civilization†, what is morally acceptable in society, to gain power over people, just like roger, by dropping the atomic bomb on Japan (Golding 62). William Golding also links WWII to the theme of knowledge by having piggy represent Mr. Einstein because he used knowledge for theRead MoreAlbert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879. He was born in the city of Ulm, Wurtemberg, Germany. He800 Words   |  4 Pages Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879. He was born in the city of Ulm, Wurtemberg, Germany. He was raised in a secular, middle class he was part of a Jewish family. His father was Hermann Einstein. His father was a salesman and engineer with his bother founded a company that made electrical equipment that was in Munich, Germany. The company was called Elektrotechnische is he Fabrik J. Einstein and Cie. Albert Einstein’s mother was Pauline Einstein, she ran the family household. Albert EinsteinRead MoreEssay on albert einstein718 Words   |  3 Pages ALBERT EINSTEIN Albert Einstein was born March 14, 1879 in Germany. His family owned a small business that manufactured electric machinery. The business failed and they left Germany. Albert was fifteen years old and he dropped out of school. When Albert was five when he received his first compass and he began to investigate the world. Little did he know that that compass would make him famous. By the age of ten he becomes so fascinated by the world of science he self-educates himself to learn

Postmodern Art Essay - 1770 Words

Postmodern art decided to make revolutionary break with past and questioned previous theories known as â€Å"big narratives† of art, politics, economics and overall culture in order to create new theories. The big part of postmodern theory deals with the belief of preexistence of the art all around us. The artist is the one who can recognize these elements of art around as and synthesize them into the art work. This art work becomes object of interpretation which inevitably varies among different generations, social groups, national group, religious groups, and depends on some extent of the educational level of the observers and it is also different in the same individual in different times or environments. The different interpretations of†¦show more content†¦In another words Borges through his character, Pierre Menard, primarily examined the terms of the originality, inspiration, and innovation in the art. Borges argues for strong mutual connections between the written work (art work) and the reader (observer) and written work (art) and the creator. He created his fictional world in which he unfolded the story encompassing his philosophy of art, self examined it from different angles without a fear of overestimating values of his own work because he is just objectively praising Pierre Menard’s artistic product. In the story Pierre Menard presents two options how he could write his Quixote. The first option is that he, Pierre Menard, will become Cervantes, in that way that he will learn to speak 17th century Spanish, he will learn the history and examine the circumstances that were surrounding Cervantes while he was writing his Quixote. Of course, this option is denied as impossible (ironically, Borges says it too easy.) The second option, for Menard, is to write his own, Quixote; The Quixote that will, in its appearance, resemble the â€Å"original† work, but in its core will be completely different piece. Menard will beco me different Cervantes, do it through his own experience and knowledge. In this way, he will not only distinguish his â€Å"The Quixote† from the â€Å"Don Quixote,† but Menard still will stay himself. Menard intended to create The Quixote by his own means (talent, brain power, experience) so that it would beShow MoreRelatedThe Journey Of Postmodern Art1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe Journey to Postmodern Art The field of visual art is extremely broad, therefore art historians have been attempting to categorize it based on style, time of creation, and subject matter for centuries. Much like any other sociological aspect of life, the culture and time period in which it was made has a great impact on the artist which directly influences their art. Though art is and always has been a way for someone to express themselves, limitations from certain parties took some of that experienceRead MorePostmodern Art and Artificial Environment Essay640 Words   |  3 Pagesformal qualities tied to this aesthetic .The goal of art in the post-modern standard is no longer predominantly behavioral, as it still was in the modern, but perceptive. The post-modern is the art of the artificial environment. Artists favored the readymade object as more powerful than the supposedly new crafted objects produced by Modernist artists. By willingly allowing the practice of appropriation that occurs within the producti on of all art, these artists pulled the power of pre-existing imageryRead MoreRenaissance Art And The Postmodern Frame1245 Words   |  5 PagesArt throughout history have challenged the values and attitudes of their contemporary society. 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Your choices must comply with the following criteria: †¢The 3 artworks chosen must be of the same style or time period. For example, you can choose one of the following suggestions: ââ€" ¦3 Baroque works of art, or ââ€" ¦3 Impressionist works of art, or ââ€" ¦3 Abstract Expressionist works of art, etc.Read MoreArt From Baroque Period Through The Postmodern Era Essay1467 Words   |  6 PagesArt from Baroque Period through the Postmodern Era Renaissance art history began as civic history; it was an expression of civic pride. The first such history was Filippo Villanis De origine civitatis Florentiae et eiusdem famosis civibus, written about 1381-82. Florentine artists revived an art that was almost dead, Villani asserts, just as Dante had restored poetry after its decline in the Middle Ages. 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Paul Cezanne, who was closely tied with Cubism, has been credited as one of the fathers of Modernism. A lot was changing during this period which produced a slew of new styles such as, Post Impressionism, Symbolism, and Surrealism to name a few. Modernism thrived from the early 20th century until the period denoted by World War II at whichRead MoreThe Movement Of Protest Movement Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesHistorians nostalgically described the sixties as a counterculture and revolution in social norms, such as: art, sexuality, formalities, and philosophy. The decade was also called the Swinging Sixties because the relaxation of social taboos relating to sexism. Challenging the idea that a good citizen conforms to gender norms and heterosexuality. b. One can blatantly observe this in the art of the time; especially when referring to feminism in dance. i. Examples relating to modern dance. c. Thesis:

Dante’s Allegory of Love in the Divine Comedy Free Essays

The Meaning of Love through the works of Dante Lighter Devon Strand-Brown â€Å"O all ye whose intellects are sound, Look now and see the meaning that is hidden Beneath the veil that covers my strange verses:† (Inferno 9:61) Dante Lighter is indisputably the most famous Italian poet in history. His seminal work, The Divine Comedy still inspires 700 years after its writing, and has not yet yielded all of its secrets, though it is one of the most widely studied works ever to be written. The name â€Å"Dante† and that of The Divine Comedy are known the world over, but what of the man Dante? What of the allegory beneath his verses? The history of the Divine Poet, his life, his love and the mysteries of his great achievements are known to relatively few, compared to the number of people who have read the Comedy. We will write a custom essay sample on Dante’s Allegory of Love in the Divine Comedy or any similar topic only for you Order Now My purpose here to open those doors to you, to give a taste of the lessons and mysteries of Dent’s work, to give a glimpse of a man, famous in his time and forevermore, and to recount the greatest tale of Love ever told. His definition of love may be the most potent and intricate definition ever described, told through four separate levels of allegory, culminating in the rise of the universal goal of Love itself. The Man â€Å"In that book which is my memory, On the first page of the chapter that is the day when I first met you, Appear the words, ‘Here begins a new life’. † (Volta) Dante was born in 1265, though the month is not known. His given name was Du- ranted Delhi Lighter, Dante being a shortened version which he himself, and subsequent -?2-? writers and translators would adopt. His family name Lighter comes form the Latin word ‘aligner’, which can be translated to â€Å"winged. † Though it came from his father, it was originally passed from a mother, Algeria Loudhailer -? wife of Guidance Elise’, founder of Florence -? to her son. Thus Dante can trace his lineage directly back to he founders of his beloved Florence. The root meaning of Durance (and Dante) is more obvious, enduring, as names were of the most importance in those days. Dante would be happy to know that he has far surpassed the destiny of an enduring name. His father was a man of finance, buying and selling property as well as lending money, something Dante later disapproved of and which found its way into his Inferno. His mother was also from a well respected Florentine family, the Bait. Her father Durance (whom Dante was named after) was a Judge at the time. Much of the Poet’s history we can find in the Comedy because although it is the story of his enlightenment, it also tells the tale of his past. We see this with his mother, whom we find in the circle of violence in Inferno, for she committed suicide while Dante was still very young, somewhere between 1270 and 1275. After his mother’s death, his father soon remarried and had two more children. It seems Dante had a good relationship with these siblings as he refers affectionately to a sister who visits him while he is sick in â€Å"La Vita Nova. These references require that I move ahead, to describe the works of Dante for it is especially through them that we learn so much of the man. I shall discuss The Divine Comedy at greater length in a future section. But as an overview it is the tale of Dent’s Journey through Inferno, rising up through Purgatory, then finally moving through Paradise, guided -?3-? by his beloved Beatrice, with his pilgrimage ending with the vision of God. The other work that I shall mention often is â€Å"la Vita Nova†, The New Life, which is a compilation of poems, sonnets and stories from throughout his life. It particularly focuses on his love for Beatrice which pervaded his life from the age of nine until he died at fifty-six. At this time Florence was a burgeoning hub of trade and culture, becoming one f the richest and most powerful cities in Italy, and even in Eastern Europe. However the city was divided along many lines; there was a split between the populace and the gentry, yet also among the gentry. The largest of these rifts was that between the Gullah, whom Dante supported, and the Gibberellins. Once the Gibberellins were expelled from Florence another divide occurred; Between the Black Gullets, those who supported the Papacy, and the white Gullets, who wished for more autonomy from Rome. With the support of Pope Boniface the Black Gullets took control of Florence, destroying many White Gullah homes and exiling Dante. If he were ever to return to his beloved Florence to â€Å"worship at his baptismal fount† he would suffer death by burning. Following his exile, Dante wandered from city to city. Reigniting his intellectual spirit in Bologna and moving as far field as Paris. Finally he settled in Raven, a small city not far from Florence. It is during this time that it is believed that be began his masterpiece, The Divine Comedy. It was completed Just prior to his death, sometime between 1318 and 1321. The final Canto of Paradise was said to be lost for months following Dent’s death, until in a dream, one of Dent’s sons saw his father ho showed his where the final pages were hidden. His son, Pitter, searched for the pages and found them Just where -?4-? his father had indicated, and so, Just as a dream had begun the Comedy, a dream completed it. The Divine Comedy tells the tale of the Poet, Dante, and his Journey down into Inferno, up mount Purgatory and into Paradise where â€Å"the Love that moved the sun and the other stars† is finally revealed to him. It is divided into three canticles, Inferno, Purgatorial and Paradise. Each canticle is then further divided into 33 cantos, similar to chapters, except for Inferno which has a single introductory canto bringing he total to 100. Each canto is further split into three line sections, each line with a precise 11 syllables. This story fictively occurs in the year 1300 and Dante is faithful to this date, only including people who had died before 1300 in any level of the Comedy , though often referencing those who are still living. Inferno, the first volume, is by far the most famous and widely read of the three. It begins: â€Å"Midway upon the Journey of our life. † Simply this first line gives premise to the Comedy being both a literal Journey through the levels of the earth but also a curative voyage through the life of a person, in this case Dante, though it can be expanded to include a more universal version of life. Through inferno Dante is guided by another great poet, Virgil, who, because he is a virtuous infidel has been confined to neutrality, the first level of hell. But who has been tasked by Beatrice to guide Dante down through Hell and up Mount Purgatory. Their Journey through Hell takes them down through all nine levels, on each level pausing to watch the punishment of the shades and sometimes speak to them, talking of their crimes or of the goings on of the living world. Finally in the lowest -?5-? bevel -?Judea, reserved for the traitors-? gravity reverses and they climb back out of the pit of inferno to once more observe the stars. At the base of Mount Purgatory seven As are inscribed on Dent’s forehead. Each standing for Peculate or sin in Latin. As they pass through each of the seven levels of purgatory, each P is purged from his forehead. For Purgatory is not a place of perpetuity as many believe; it is a place of purging sins as its name suggests. Virgil continues as his guide and offers advice and answers to his questions along the way. However on questions of faith he defers to Beatrice, asking Dante to await her for his answer. At the peak of Purgatory is the Garden of Eden, earthly paradise. Here in paradise Dante is in awe of the heavens above him, while Virgil is reserved and distant. Dante turns away from his guide to gaze at four bright stars above him and when he looks back Virgil is gone. In his place stands Beatrice. From the Gardens of Eden Beatrice leads Dante into Paradise, the nine circles of heaven. In each of these circles Dante speaks with different figures, Roman Emperors, Saints and Apostles prominent among them. And Just as Virgil taught Dante of life and the plight of souls in Inferno and Purgatory, so Beatrice teaches him of divinity, irate and all the levels of beatitude. One of the people he meets is his great great grand-father Guidance, who tasks him to compose a poem which â€Å"puts aside all falsehood. † He agrees, and is also tested by the apostles Peter, James and John before his can enter the Empyrean, the highest level of Heaven. It is here in the amphitheater of the Empyrean that Dent’s Journey reaches is culmination with his rapturous vision of God. -?6_ â€Å"But my own wings were not enough for this, Had it not been that then my mind there smote A flash of lightning, wherein came its wish. (Paradise 33:139) Dante and Love But now was turning my desire and will, Even as a wheel that equally moved, The Love that moves the sun and the other stars. † (Paradise 33:142) Perhaps it is a sad testament to the human race, that the greatest love stories are those of unrequited love. Mark Antonym and Cleopatra, Romeo and Juliet, Dante and his Beatrice. Dante first glimpsed Beatrice at the age of nine. Of that sight he says, â₠¬Å"At that moment, I say most truly that the spirit of life, hath its dwelling in the secretes chamber of the heart† (Nova). He goes on, describing her as a deity, as something other than a worldly woman. From that moment onward his life was drastically changed. â€Å"l say that, from that time forward, Love quite governed my soul† (Nova). His love was torrential, yet when he saw her he kept it in check. For nine years after that first sight they never spoke. He would watch her in her family’s small church of Santa Margarita, sitting some ten feet behind her, imagining her as an image of perfection, but never speaking. It is difficult to imagine such love with so little contact. He was enamored with her but also with his imagination of her. It was not until nine years later to the day,that a word was exchanged between hem. While passing in the street, Beatrice â€Å"by her unspeakable courtesy’ greeted him. He -?7-? remembers she was dressed all in white, unlike the red he first saw her in, white being the color of virginity and divinity. In each of his earthly visions of her, she is described using images and words normally reserved for Christ or God himself. Dante was taken by the sound of her voice: â€Å"For she doth make my veins and pulses tremble. He went directly home and fell asleep and dreamed that Love came to him. Throughout the Vita Nova, Love comes to Dante, taking a different human form each mime, and speaks to him, offering advice and admonitions. Love appears to him multiple times and each time represents a shift in Dent’s interactions with Beatrice. Dante makes the mistakes of many lovers as he is so overcome by Beatrice. In an attempt to hide the true object of his love, he begins to use what he calls a â€Å"screen- lady,† a woman toward whom he outwardly directs his attentions so as to divert attention from Beatrice. This obviously backfires and Beatrice, as they pass again in the street, withholds her greeting. Dante is grief-stricken and, following another vision of love decides to write directly to her. These poems and sonnets received praise in Florence, and were read around the city in small poetry readings, increasing Dent’s stature as a great writer even in his time. However life for Dante soon takes another enormous turn, with the death of Be- iatric. She is said to have died in June, 1290, a date with â€Å"the perfect number nine† having been completed â€Å"nine times† according to the Syrian Calendar. (Lewis). Dante is so overcome that he cannot put words to the event. After compiling the Volta Nova he resolves not to write of Beatrice again, until he can â€Å"say of her what was never said of any other -?8-? Oman. † It is from this wish that springs the greatest tribute to human love ever created, La Comedic. In Dent’s Journey Beatrice is his primary guide. Though Virgil guides him through two levels of the afterlife, it is Beatrice who sent Virgil to assist Dante and Beatrice whom he follows through paradise and Beatrice who teaches him the most of love. She acts as a personal representation of Christ. We can see this in many aspects of Dent’s description of her -? her appearance, the events around her and her relation to the number nine. The number nine can be seen as a reference to the divinity of he holy trinity, and it is used in reference to Beatrice to reinforce her power as Dent’s connection to the divine. In the ninth canto of both Inferno and Purgatory Dante enters the city of Dish and then the Gates of Purgatory -? the two most significant entrances in their respective canticles. Yet in Paradise, in the ninth canto, Dante passes from the circles of Venus unto the level of the sun. This may seem insignificant yet it signifies the passage from earth to heaven. It is not until the level of the sun that all earthly woes and pains are stripped away. This ninth canto is significant as it also demonstrates the divinity of the number, yet interestingly it also illustrates the divinity of love as it is in this canto that Dante meets three great lovers; a mistress, a bishop and a harlot. Not exactly the lovers you would expect, but these references, as well as their relations to nine and their positions in paradise, serve to highlight the significance of human love in order to ascend further into heaven. This is Beatrice role, as she serves both as the object of human love and the transcendent divine guide. Other parallels between Beatrice and Christ can also be drawn-? one being her -?9-? appearance in heaven, she is proceeded by Giovanni Primeval, as Christ was similarly proceeded by John the Baptist. Here we can see Dent’s literary playfulness with â€Å"Giovanni† as a feminine version of John and Primeval as an anagram meaning â€Å"Prima Vera† which literally translates to â€Å"will come first. † Beatrice also descends to Inferno to summon Virgil as Christ did to bring salvation to humanity, Virgil will be Dent’s personal salvation. Dante even recognizes this in Paradise 30:80 saying â€Å"Who deigned for my salvation to leave your footprints in Hell. † Lansing also points out a parallel between the names of Christ and Beatrice: The reference to her nickname, â€Å"Vice,† in Paradise is a way which must evoke the abbreviations of Christ in manuscripts: â€Å"Be† (beat, â€Å"blessed†) and â€Å"ice† (ICC=less Crisis=Jesus Christ. )† Despite her obvious divinity, Beatrice is also a physical woman, as we see in the Volta Nova, who inspires love and desire in Dante. Thus she fills both roles, as the method of divine salvation and also as the guide to human love. Both of which together create natural love, something I will go into greater detail about at a later point. Dante strives, however, to remove any sexual attraction to Beatrice both for the deader and for himself. And for the most part he is successful. By removing her erotic nature in his writing, he reclaims some power from her. As we see in the Vita Nova, she holds great power over him; she has the power to send him into fits of worry or anguish, simply with a laugh or refused look. In De-redirecting her, we see Dent’s attempt to retain his own power over human love, while relinquishing his power over natural love, allow-? 10 -? inning her to guide and teach him of its natural flow. As both the Comedy and the Nova are little more than an homage to Beatrice, it is interesting to see that Dante toeholds this one form of power from her, that of sexual power. It could very well be that he is attempting to protect either himself or Beatrice from the sin of lust, yet we also find a seductress and a harlot in heaven, who further inform Dante on love. It may also be the case that Dante is protecting himself from the worldly effects of Beatrice. The vast majority of his writings about her are of his perception, his fantasy of her. Their physical contact was negligible and by removing the sexual discourse between them, the Beatrice of Dent’s pages is fully from inside the Poet. The Beatrice we know is Dent’s fantasy, a character within his own character. It is her spirit, not her body, that guides Dante. Dante may also shrug off this worldly influence because he has a further lord, one to whom he answers whole-heartedly, and for whom Beatrice is the perfect guide. That lord speaks to him in the third chapter of the Vita Nova saying â€Å"I am your lord. † That lord is Love. Allegory The term allegory literally means the â€Å"hidden meaning†, it derives from Greek â€Å"al- SIS† (other) and â€Å"Georgia† (speaking), â€Å"other speaking. † The Divine Comedy is rife with it. Each canto is filled with political moral and divine statements. Allegory takes four forms in The Divine Comedy modeled after biblical exegesis (interpretation of biblical style); Literal (historical), Allegorical (Typographical) , Moral and Angelical. These four forms follow the interpretation of scripture in the Middle Ages. In scripture, the historical meaning is -? 11 what is described as fact. It encompasses the people, places and events represented and shows them historically as things that have occurred. The second meaning (the Allegorical/ Typographical) is that of personification and representation, a person may represent a sin or a virtue. The moral meaning in the scripture is literally represented by Christ. â€Å"So far as the things done in Christ, or so far as the things which signify Christ, are types of what we ought to do, there is the moral sense. † (Aquinas). The final meaning, the angelical is the hardest to pin down. This is because it is the broadest of the terms; it is the meaning which expands outwards and offers what the writer or reader considers an â€Å"eternal† meaning. The angelical represents the realm of the Gods, thus making it eternal, â€Å"But so far as they signify what relates to eternal glory, there is the angelical sense. † (Aquinas) Neither the bible nor The Divine Comedy possess all four of these elements at all times however. Writing is often adorned with â€Å"historical buttresses and adornments†, events that hold no further meaning than the literal. Different verses and cantos hold some of these meanings, some are personified in particular figures, others can only be found by evaluating the entire trajectory of the Comedy. These four meanings overlap, come and go, are sometimes clearly visible and some are lost forever in the annals of time. Other than the historical, the allegorical (typological) is the most prevalent form of meaning throughout the Comedy. Because all allegory is dependent on interpretation, the meanings put forth here are those that I deem to be correct, although there are likely other interpretations or even contrary views. As Dante followed many of the teachings of Thomas Aquinas, the following is the most prevalent definition for the typographical (allegorical) meaning in -? 12 -? the Comedy: â€Å"Whereas in every other science things are signified by words, this science has the property that the things signified by the words have themselves also signification† (Aquinas). This is the definition Dante would have followed in instructing his own allegory. Dante borrows heavily from Thomas Aquinas and Aquinas’ Theological for his moor- al theory and view of God, theology and use of allegory. As far as the view of God, Thomas Aquinas believed that there are two apices of any object or subject (their existence and their essence), except for God. Aquinas preaches God as simplicity. God is simply essence, for his/her/its existence is its essence. This essence to Dante is Love; all other objects are not independent of love and thus God, who is the representation of pure love, is the only individual being in existence. â€Å"God is identical tit Just one in- divisible thing, but that one thing has different effects and appearances† (Stump). Dante also enumerates the importance of each level of meaning, saying in his work Conviction, â€Å"l shall always first discourse upon the literal meaning of each cannoned, and after that I shall discourse upon its allegory, that is, the hidden truth; and I shall sometimes incidentally touch upon the other senses (angelical), as the place and the time make appropriate. † This leads us to believe that the historical (literal) meaning is the most important, followed by the allegorical. The angelical seems to e a natural uprising of this discourse of both the literal and the allegorical. The moral finds its way into the literal meanings as well, since Christ is synonymous with morality, and the bible and Beatrice are taken as fact. Throughout the Comedy, Beatrice and her compatriots teach Dante many -? 13 -? things, most of these may be interpreted as the moral allegory. What must also be understood is that the literal meaning will always be present, and for the most part the allegorical will be also. But that Allegory will take one or more of its three forms, typographical/allegorical, moral or angelical. He gives an example of this four-fold allegory in a letter sent to Gangrened of Verona. The Allegory of Love â€Å"Love, which pardons no beloved from loving, took me so strongly with delight in him That, as you see, it still abandons me not†¦ † (Nova) As we begin to look at the many meanings of love in The Divine Comedy, the three literal forms we shall examine are 1) love as an emotion, 2) love as Beatrice, and 3) Love as a figure and as God. First let us examine Dent’s belief of love. For Dante, love was the driving force of the universe. It causes souls to rise to heaven or fall into hell. It literally set the stars in motion. All sinners and all saints had their actions based in love, for better or for worse. Love causes all movement in the universe, whether for the sinners to ascend because of love for God or for the blessed to descend in order to save a soul. Just as Beatrice descends to bring Dante to the Empyrean, it also causes the angels to move in their circles around God, thus creating the movement of the heavens. However, love also has a darker side. According to Dante, love is also the root of sin. He takes this view from William Perusals’ analysis of the Sustaining Sins; Pride, Envy, Wrath, Sloth, Avarice, Gluttony and Lust. These sins can be divided into three cat- Georges according to love; insufficient, disordered and excessive. Insufficient love takes the form of sloth, disordered love manifests in pride, new and wrath (as these three are misguidedly directed at an external object), and love in excess creates avarice, gluttony and lust. These are all forms of what Virgil distinguishes for Dante as rational love, separate from natural love which I shall discuss at greater length later. Rational love takes many forms, both positive and negative. If unbalanced or per- averted, it is the basis of all sin, but it is also that which leads Dante towards natural eve. Dent’s earthly love for Beatrice could be described as courtly love, a popular subject of the times. Courtly love can be defined as desire and longing for someone, and personal suffering by loving this person† (Du France). This definition as we can see applies perfectly to Dent’s relations to Beatrice. It is this earthly relationship that begins Dante on his path to salvation and enlightenment, thus it is this form of rational love that sets Dante on his path. At the beginning of The Divine Comedy, the Pilgrim believes this love for Beatrice is pure and correct. Yet through his discussions tit Francesca De Riming, and then Virgin’s discourse on love in purgatory, Dante begins to doubt his assertion. Finally upon his meeting with Beatrice in Paradise he repents for the earthly love he paid her and accepts the purity of natural love, the love that will guide him through paradise unto the Empyrean. Natural love was considered by Dante to be the love of and for God. It is the pure force which motivates the universe and binds it together. It is the purest form of this love that Dante is striving for throughout the Comedy. Through hell and purgatory, he is strip-? 15-? inning away the sins and tarnishing of sin, and in paradise he is being prepared, level by level, by Beatrice, for the experience of Pure Love. Virgil, who has not entered heaven and has thus not experienced natural love, can only describe to Dante human love and the perverted shapes it takes in sin. The constant motion of natural love is moving toward a goal; that goal is the attainment of the realization of place and of perfection for every object and creature in the world. â€Å"As the specific capacity of anything is actualities by being exercised, the nature of that thing is progressively completed or perfected, according to Aquinas† (Stump). It is by loving and being love that this process is perpetuated and thus moves closer and closer to a perfect equilibrium. This ultimate beatitude is inconceivable to the human mind, however, and thus we give it a humanly understandable form, that of God. Yet Dante is very careful not to name God as the center of the Empyrean; the highest level of heaven is occupied by Love. Virgil describes how love takes three stages to develop. The process begins with awareness of another object or person. This perception is offered to the soul to Judge whether this object is beautiful and shall bring happiness. If it is deemed good, then eve develops and takes the form of an inclination or attraction toward that object. Until love develops, the force driving this process is human will and it is thus that love can be misguided, as the will can make mistakes and lead an individual toward sin. If we take love as the attractive force that moves the universe, then the ultimate goal of life is also love, but love in equilibrium. This is why perverted, insufficient and excessive love are sins, for it is balanced love, natural love that we are striving toward. We cannot, however, achieve union with natural love simply by following others’ How to cite Dante’s Allegory of Love in the Divine Comedy, Papers

Business Society Development and Change

Question: Discuss about the Business Society for Development and Change. Answer: Introduction: While unemployment is indeed undesirable, studies claim that once employed, approximately more than half part of the population fails to derive any sense of satisfaction and fulfillment from their jobs. Herein lays the importance of the question that is work able to satisfy the people by bringing a sense of purpose in life, or does it simply extract ones energy, leaving him frustrated with his dead-end job. According to Svendsen, work in itself is a blessing, however, there is an unpleasant feeling, an individual experiences, while doing a work on a regular basis. This compels him to consider the work to be a curse. This essay intends to argue that work provides a sense of fruition in life, and hence should be deemed to be a blessing. According to Svendsen, a person usually does not mind working, nor does he consider it to be a curse to work hard provided he is doing something he likes, and most importantly he is doing the same not out of compulsion, but by his own choice (Svendsen 2016). Hence, an individual playing tennis as a hobby, and dedicating ten hours a day to the same would find his work pleasurable, and yet for the same person choosing it as a vocation and playing for the same amount of time might prove to be burdensome. Hence, work becomes a curse when an individual apprehends that he might have to work more than he wants to, simply for earning more money or out of peer pressure. However, in absence of work, an individual is likely to lose a sense of purpose and meaning in life that would ultimately lead him to depression and mental illness (Windsor et al. 2015) . Research studies have proved that those who keep themselves engaged in work enjoy a sense of purpose, a drive to accomplish a goal daily tha t helps to promote their emotional well-being (Dinerstein 2014). Besides, according to Genesis, God has also dictated making to work hard as much as possible and sloth is regarded to be one of the Seven Deadly Sins. Besides, work is indeed a blessing as it is the only mean through which an individual successfully creates his or her destiny and carves ones own identity (Boycott et al. 2015). Thus, it is work that helps in not only affording the material goods and possessions one intends to buy in a Capitalist society, but it also helps in the personal growth of an individual. As an individual performs his work with utmost integrity, he does derive a feeling of fulfillment from his work, and he realizes that he is contributing some way or the other to this world, rather than occupying merely a space here (Gourdreu 2017). In case an individual is doing absolutely nothing, he will never be able to feel happy or appreciate the state of his joblessness and inaction. It is only when an ind ividual works hard in the weekdays is he able to fully appreciate and recognize the importance of enjoying a weekend. Hence, considering the above alternatives work is indeed a blessing. It is undeniable that it often happens that work pressure leads to physical illnesses such as cardiac issues, blood pressure problems as well as back strain, and mental problems including depression, paranoia and anxiety. However, to conclude it should be remembered that work is a blessing, as it provides one with a meaning of life, keeps him engaged, eliminates the possibility of contemplating the negative issues of life, and instills a purpose in an individual. Through work, one not only succeeds in attaining materialistic pursuits, but also achieves personal growth and a sense of fulfillment- the integral elements spiritual growth. However, as mentioned above work is indeed a curse is someone has to work for an average of nine hours per day in his office that is sure to exhaust his cells, disturb his mental peace, and cause backaches and other pains. Besides, work can be a curse for an individual who does not enjoy the work, he is doing. For instance, a painter might not be happy with the job of a banker, and might regard his job to be a curse. Reference List: Boycott, N., Akhtar, A. and Schneider, J., 2015. Work is good for me: views of mental health service users seeking work during the UK recession, a qualitative analysis.Journal of Mental Health,24(2), pp.93-97. Dinerstein, A.C., 2014. The dream of dignified work: On good and bad utopias.Development and Change,45(5), pp.1037-1058. Gourdreu, J. 2017.Forbes Welcome. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/jennagoudreau/2011/09/21/youth-in-the-office-a-blessing-or-curse/ [Accessed 23 Mar. 2017]. Svendsen, L. 2016.Work. 2nd ed. Routledge, pp.1, 2. Windsor, T.D., Curtis, R.G. and Luszcz, M.A., 2015. Sense of purpose as a psychological resource for aging well.Developmental psychology,51(7), p.975.

The Cyprus Problem Essay Example For Students

The Cyprus Problem Essay The Eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus is the homeland of two distinct peoples: the Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots. Their relationship is not one of a majority and minority, but one of equal partnership. The Turkish Cypriots speak Turkish, are Muslims and share the culture of their motherland, Turkey. The Greek Cypriots, on the other hand, speak Greek, are Orthodox Christians and profess the culture of their motherland Greece. After more than 300 years of Turkish rule, the island came under British influence in 1878, but sovereignty was formally transferred by Turkey to Britain in 1923. British colonial administration continued until 1960 when as a joint bi-communal state, the DRepublic of Cyprus was founded under international treaties, signed by Great Britain, Greece and Turkey, and by the leaders of both the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities in their separate capacities. The 1960 arrangements created a political partnership between the two national communities which would enable them to share power and cooperate in a bi-communal state, with the necessary checks and balances and guarantees. Unfortunately, this political partnership and the internationally sanctioned regime lasted only three years. We will write a custom essay on The Cyprus Problem specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Greek Cypriots continued unlawfully to campaign against a bi-communal independent state and on 21 December 1963 put into effect their plan for a general onslaught on the Turkish Cypriot community. The aim was to abrogate the constitution of the country through the use of force and bring about ENOSIS (annexation of Cyprus to Greece). Turkish Cypriot members of the joint Parliament and the joint Government were expelled from their offices, the entire state machinery being unilaterally usurped by the Greek Cypriots. The brutality of Greek attacks was such that the Turkish Cypriot people in no less than 103 villages had to escape for their lives into the security of small enclaves scattered all over Cyprus and an extensive refugee problem was created as a result of Greek Cypriot attacks on Turkish Cypriots throughout the island. The Turkish Cypriots became virtual prisoners and hostages in their own land. The United Nations Secretary-General described this situation as a veritable si ege. From 1964 until 1974, Turkish Cypriot people lived under difficult conditions in isolated enclaves, but they lived under their own rule. On 15 July 1974 Greece staged a coup in Cyprus with the aim of achieving ENOSIS. Turkey, one of the three guarantor states, called on Britain as the other guarantor for joint intervention under Article 4 of the Treaty of Guarantee. When Britain refrained, Turkey was compelled to intervene on her own, again in full accordance with the provisions of the said Treaty. Since then, peace and tranquility have prevailed on the island. Division of the Island 1964Turkish Cypriot families, forced to flee from their homes, withdrew into enclaves for mutual protection. This unprovoked Greek Cypriot use of force brought about the division of the island symbolized by the Green line in Nicosia. A joint political authority that could speak on behalf of both communities ceased to exist. But the Greek Cypriots, having overthrown by force the joint State and government, continued unlawfully to usurp the titles of the bi-communal State. United Nations Intervention 1964The U.N. tried to mediate, but Greek Cypriots would not allow Turkish Cypriots back into their legitimate positions in the Republic unless they abandoned fundamental constitutional safeguards. U.N. Peace-Keeping Force sent to the island in 1964 was unable to protect the Turkish Cypriots against Greek Cypriot elements who were supported by some 20,000 mainland Greek forces clandestinely sent to the island. Turkish Cypriots Held Hostage for Eleven Years 1963-1974. For the next eleven years, Turkish Cypriots were held hostage in their own land without representation in a joint government or participation in a joint administration in contravention of the 1960 Treaties. Turkish Cypriot pleas for protection and assistance were basically ignored by the international community and the U.N. during those eleven years. .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 , .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 .postImageUrl , .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 , .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2:hover , .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2:visited , .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2:active { border:0!important; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2:active , .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Kindergarten Education EssayPeace-Keeping Force proved largely ineffective in providing security to the Turkish Cypriots. The British House of Commons Select Committee on Foreign Affairs reported in July 1987: There is little doubt that much of the violence which the Turkish Cypriots claim led to the total or partial destruction of 103 Turkish villages and the displacement of about a quarter of the total Turkish Cypriot population, was either directly inspired or certainly connived at by the Greek Cypriot leadership. The Turkish Cypriots never accepted the Greek Cypriot fait accompli of December 1963, and in the exercise of their right to self-defense, started to establish in stages a separate Turkish Cypriot administration in order to protect themselves from constant threats, and to take care of the political, economic and social needs of their own community.

The Spellings of Shun

The Spellings of Shun The Spellings of Shun The Spellings of Shun By Maeve Maddox Commenting on my post about the spelling thru for through, a reader writes: And, I faintly remember that there are some 52 ways of spelling the syllable -shun. Can you please, in one of your articles, or series of them, [list] them? As far as I can remember there are only two words that end with the spelling -shion for shun. Fashion and cushion. -tion, cion, sion, ssion, and how many more can be listed this way? It should be an interesting exercise. I think it would take considerable effort to come up with 52 ways of spelling the syllable -shun, but I have seen lists of as many as thirteen. Critics of English spelling delight in cataloging as many different ways of spelling a sound as possible in an attempt to prove that English spelling is impossible to master. I tend to agree with Romalda Spalding that the problem isnt English spelling; its the way that spelling is taught: It is the failure to combine the sounds with the spelling of English which makes it seem so difficult to learn and makes so many common words seem to be exceptions to the general rules of spelling. The Writing Road to Reading. Thats not to say that there arent a great many English words that defy all phonetic explanation, but when the beginner is taught the sound/symbol correspondences as thoroughly as they can be taught, fewer exceptions remain to be memorized. Building on the work of Anna Gillingham and Dr. Samuel Orton, Spalding presents the sounds of English in terms of phonograms, not letters or syllables. Most of the spelling permutations of shun are covered as the beginning reader learns the four phonograms that can represent the sh [ÊÆ'] sound: sh, ti, si, ci. English spelling isnt easy, but it is not the arcane science that its made out to be. If schools would adopt some version of the Gillingham-Orton Multisensory Method of reading instruction beginning with kindergarten, the appalling reading failure rate in U.S. schools could be significantly reduced. As things are now, this efficient method for teaching reading, writing, and spelling is kept in reserve for children who fail to learn to read by grade three or four. In some school districts, that can be as many as half the children in the fourth grade. Here are some shun spellings from Page Four of the student-kept notebook at the center of Spalding instruction: nation Venetian session mansion electrician ocean Words like fashion, and coercion are covered by different rules. The example ssion is not a valid spelling of shun. In a word like succession, for example, the first s belongs to the second syllable: suc-ces-sion. Its easy to ridicule English spelling. Its a little harder to master the rules and patterns. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?When to Form a Plural with an ApostropheHow to Treat Names of Groups and Organizations

The affect the Porsche plant will have on Atlanta Essay

The affect the Porsche plant will have on Atlanta - Essay Example Therefore, opening a new site of the Porsche plan in Atlanta is a good idea because this will create more job opportunities to the community. Although opening the Porsche plant in Atlanta my pose some potential drawbacks, the plant will offer varied benefits to the community including creation of new jobs and expansion of economic growth of the country. Establishing the Porsche plan in Atlanta would be of great significant to the community. This is because many new job opportunities will be created that will benefit the community. The study indicates that the new plant, which will be allocated in Atlanta development site, will have modern office facilities for the workforce, which will eventfully offer more than 400 employees job opportunities. The newer plant in its place will mean 400 jobs of which 100 of these are new jobs or positions. These includes technical services, training centre and also a leading edge customer experience centre, which will feature a handling road course t o boast the capability of the industry loading vehicles. Although opening a new manufacturing plant can be at times costly and a tough business, it can create job satisfaction to the community. This is because instead of manufacturing a service, a company can create a new item and this is vital because it can offer the company with satisfaction of the services. The expansion of the Porsche plant in Atlanta is effective because this is one way of boosting economic development of the country. The new plant will be fully operational by the year 2014, along with a training center and 1.6-mile race track for potential buyers to test-drive their cars. This event marks an economic revival in the area as it injects some $100M into the new U.S. headquarters of the German automaker. Selko (46) argues that in case fragility is a key to ensuring a successful manufacturing plant in Atlanta, the same characteristics holds true for the viability of the city. The agility of Atlanta stems for the fl exibility of the state to grow; thus retaining its manufacturing base while advancing new ways of encouraging future economic growth of Atlanta. The strategic goal is to be in a position to take advantage of opportunities that come up; thus the new plant will deliver brand or product experiences to their employees, dealers and customers; thereby contributing to increased business performance. The success of the Porsche plant can hinge upon the competitive business model; thus enabling the demand for the manufactured brand products to continue increasing. The business can remain competitive since the new site was chosen due to its strategic location, as it is near the Atlanta airport which has direct flights to Stuttgart in Germany and close enough for 80% of Americans to reach it (Bruns 160). This will also benefit the company because delivering high brand and quality products in the global market will enable the company to sustain their business; thus achieving a competitive busine ss advantage in the competitive global market. However, opening the Porsche plant in Atlanta will create some drawbacks. One of the drawbacks is the possible backlash meaning that when a company opens a new firm in a foreign country, it is not always an accepted decision at home. The industry may be forced to eliminate the American jobs with an aim of taking cheaper

No one shall commit adultery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

No one shall commit adultery - Essay Example Family members are open and ready to forgive their beloved ones for their sin of adultery. Of course, this position can be seriously criticized from different perspectives, but there is no doubt that adultery is not the reason for killing a person. In the countries where Islamic religion is practiced, a sin of adultery is known as Zina and a person who committed this sin was subjected to stoning. The strictness of religion of Islam cannot be denied, but it should be mentioned that even in the modern context these practices of stoning still exist. 10 commandments of God should be followed by Gods followers, but God has never acclaimed for killing or stoning to prevent adultery. He has always appealed for forgiveness and a power of patience and tolerance (Wael). Nowadays we can see that severe measures of punishment are taken against those who committed adultery. In the article "Afhgan woman slices daughter-in-laws throat for refusing prostitution, police say" it is evident that horrible inhumane attitude towards women is still practiced in Afghanistan. Women are killed for their denial to become prostitutes. The Taliban have a usual practice of killing women in the case of adultery. Adultery is a breach of Gods laws for sure, but if a woman is killed then another sin occurs. 13-year-old girl named Sahar Gul was also tortured by her in-laws because she did not conceive right after her husband raped her. Maybe in this case relatives of a girl were triggered by their religious beliefs but no one can deny a horrible and inhumane torturing to which she was exposed to (Afhgan woman slices daughter-in-laws throat for refusing prostitution, police say). Therefore, in the modern world there are still cases and practices of inhumane attitudes and severe reactions to adultery. It is evident that a person committing adultery has taken sin in her heart, but it is not the reason for killing that

Analysis of Water Quality | Experiment

Analysis of Water Quality | Experiment Teri Reed Water in Crisis Abstract Water filtration methods were examined by using vinegar, oil and laundry detergent. These products were used to determine how well the purification process of water works. The color, smell and consistency changed during testing which allowed the transformation to be visual. Different types of water was tested using chemical strips that evaluated the contamination between them. The data suggested that bottled water was none the less better for drinking than tap water. Fresh water is essential for all living things and contaminated water must be treated before released into the water supply (Bottcher Rex, 2012). Introduction In this lab, the study of water quality was performed which is imperative to our environment as it safeguards and protects all living things. Certain criteria can support and identify problems that may cause incorrect treatment of wastewater from agricultural areas contaminated with sediment, fertilizers, and chemicals. Principles and standards are put into action to attain and protect water quality (EPA, 2012). Poor water quality can negatively affect ecological developments such as healthy rivers, plant life, wetlands, and animals. If the quality of our water systems is not maintained it will negatively impact the environment and influence commercial and recreational values (NSW, 2012). The main objective of these labs was to determine the effects of contaminated water and the impact it has on the quality of living things. By examining the effectiveness of the filtration process, it signified the importance of the quality of drinking water. In these experiments there were different types of water used, tap water and two different brands of bottled water. These lab also required the use of test strips that measured the variety of levels of chemical components within our drinking water (Bottcher Rex, 2012). In the first experiment, there were three hypotheses on how vinegar, oil and laundry detergent contaminated groundwater. The hypotheses for vinegar was if it was mixed with soil it would contaminate the ground water with the acidity, which can lead to dissolving lead or copper in plumbing. The hypotheses for oil was that it would contaminate the ground water and kill plants and wildlife. It is also flammable which would lead to fires. The hypotheses for laundry detergent was it would contaminate the ground water with perfume and dyes, which can get into the drinking water, and this would cause people to get very sick. In the second experiment, the hypothesis of filtration techniques would get rid of all contaminants from the water supply. In the third experiment, the hypotheses was that tap water would have the most contaminants, while both bottled water(s) would have the least amount of contaminants. Materials and Methods This first experiment was conducted to test the effects of groundwater contamination. This test was conducted with eight beakers filled with tap water. In beaker one it had10 ml of tap water, in beaker two 10ml of oil was added to tap water, in beaker three 10ml of vinegar was added to tap water, in beaker four 10ml of laundry detergent was added to tap water and then the smell, color and contents of the water was observed. Next a piece of cheesecloth was used to line the funnel and 60ml of soil was poured into the flue. The first beaker with tap water was poured into the soil allowing it to drain for one minute. Then beaker two vinegar water was poured over new soil, allowing it to drain for one minute. The next step was to pour the oil water from beaker three over new soil with a cheesecloth filter, allowing it to drain for one minute. Beaker four with laundry detergent was then drained in the same manner. Once all the contents were drained into the beakers, the results were examin ed. The next study was the water treatment experiment, and a 250 ml beaker was filled with 100 ml of soil and 200 ml of tap water. Then the mixture was poured back and forth between the two beakers allowing the contaminated water to mix thoroughly. To determine the difference in the water contents from the beginning of the process to the end, 10 ml of the mixture was separated into 100 ml beaker and set aside. In the next step 10 grams of alum was added to the mixture in the original beaker, and then stirred for 2 minutes. Then the contents settled for 15 minutes. In order to create the filtration system a cheesecloth lining sat in the base of the funnel, and then 40ml of sand, 20ml of activated charcoal and 60ml of gravel filled the flue to the top. Next the filtration process began by running clean tap water through the content four times and allowing it to drain. Next the contaminated mixture was poured into the filter, allowing it to drain into the clean beaker. After the water made its way through the filtration process, it was ready to be treated with a few drops of bleach. When the lab was complete, the two beakers were compared to see how much the filtration process cleaned the water free from particles and smells. In the final study drinking water quality, tap water, Dasani bottled water, and Fiji bottled water were all tested with chemical strips for contaminants. The test strips were used to check for Ammonia, Chloride, pH balance, total Alkalinity, total Chlorine, total hardness, Phosphate, and Iron. Three beakers were used and each filled with the water contents and then tested with the chemical strips. After all the strips were used and the results were recorded, the lab was complete. Results Experiment 1: Effects of Groundwater Contamination Figure 1. Experiment 2: Water Treatment Figure 2. Experiment 3: Drinking Water Quality Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Overall experiment 1 (Fig. 1) shows the results of vinegar, oil and laundry detergent with odors, dirty water, soil particles, and green / yellow water from the contaminants. When looking at Figure 1 the results of 1-8 are listed and it shows a significant difference between each observation. The results from experiment 2 (Fig.2) shows the filtration process is almost free of particles and odors. In experiment 3, (Fig. 3-7) the Ammonia and Chloride test results were 0 mg/L for all three water types. The 4 in 1 test strips showed a wide range of numbers, this may be caused by outside contamination. Phosphate test results shows a range of 0ppm, 10ppm, and 50ppm in table 5, and in table 6 the results from the tap water and Fiji ® Bottled Water was .15ppm and Dasani water was 0ppm. Discussion Based on the test results on the effects of contaminated ground water, the hypothesis was rejected because the oil stayed in the soil. The oil water was filtered through the soil using the funnel and cheesecloth. Once the water was filtered there was no visible oil particles. The hypothesis for vinegar was accepted based on the results from Table 1 where the vinegar seeped through the soil into the water. This test result showed that after the vinegar water was filtered through the soil using a cheesecloth, there was a certain smell of vinegar in the water. Finally, the hypothesis was accepted in experiment three, the laundry detergent seeped through the soil into the water and there was definitely a perfume odor with a soapy appearance. After the water was filtered through the soil using the funnel and cheesecloth, the water was soapy and had a noticeable smell of perfume. In the next experiment water treatment, the hypothesis was rejected because the water appeared to be less polluted with a lesser amount of odor. The water was filtered using a five step filtration process. The filter system was made with sand charcoal, and rocks. Tap water was filtered through the filtration system to clean the charcoal. The contaminated water was filtered. Lastly, there was a comparison of the contaminated water and treated water. The filtration method trapped soil and contaminated particles which allowed the odor to significantly decrease. When the bleach was added to the filtered water, the color of the contaminated water was darker than the filtered water and the odor in the soil was more robust than the contaminated water. In the final experiment drinking water quality, the hypothesis for tap water, Dasani water, and Fiji water was rejected. Based on the results from Tables 2-6, the three water samples were tested using chemical strips to determine if there was any Ammonia, Chloride, pH balance, total Alkalinity, total Chlorine, total hardness, Phosphate, and Iron present in the water examples. Tap water showed the least amounts of contaminates, Dasani water was mid range, and Fiji water had the highest number of existing contaminants. During the water quality experiment, it was important to study how the distribution of tap water traveled through the pipes. Although the tap water was run through a filtration system, it could become contaminated during the traveling process. Oxidization of pipes can cause pathogens to be present in water. Using high speed jets for cleaning can remove these types of contaminants from passing through the filtered water (Doelman, 2014). There are many other questions that can be asked about filters or a water filtration systems. There is Reverse Osmosis which seems like a multifaceted system when really it is a simple water filtration process. Reverse Osmosis is when water density forces molecules through a membrane which leaves contaminates behind and purified water is collected from a clean membrane. Any contaminated water is then flushed into a drain. Reverse Osmosis will remove salts and most inanimate materials. Reverse Osmosis will typically remove microscopic parasites, with th e exception of viruses. Although, reverse osmosis can be slower than a water filtration system, Reverse Osmosis will typically purify more water per day than most distillers (Kent Farahbakhsh, 2011). Conclusions In summary of water quality and contamination, it is critical to make consumers aware of the quality of tap water and bottled water and its contaminants. Three experiments were performed in this lab report, and although many of the hypotheses were accepted, it does show the amount of rejected claims. Doing these experiments allows the consumer to visualize how the filtration process works, and the effects of contamination on soil and groundwater. Further research should be done to prove accuracy and theories. References Bottcher, A., Rex, A. (2012). Environmental science student manual. Sheridan: eScience Labs. Doelman, J. D. (2014). Reducing fouling corrosion in pipelines. Pollution Engineering, 33-35. EPA. (2012, March 6). Why are water quality standards important. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from  http://water.epa.gov/scetech/swguidance/standards/imp.cfm Kent, F. C., Farahbakhsh, K. (2011). Addressing reverse osmosis fouling within water  reclamation-A side-by-side comparison of low-pressure membrane pretreatments.   Water Environment Research, 515-526. NSW. (2012, September 11). Water Quality. Retrieved from NSW Government:  Retrieved from  http:// www.environment.nsw.gov.au/water/waterqual.htm David Hume: Philosophy Analysis David Hume: Philosophy Analysis David Home was born in Edinburgh, Scotland in spring 1711. Hume originally studied law but then changed his mind and decided to focus only on philosophy and learning. He also had no interest in professors, saying there is nothing to be learnt from a Professor, which is not to be met with in Books. He traveled to France at age 23, and it was there that he wrote A Treatise of Human Nature, which is considered to be one of the most important books in Western philosophy. At the time of its publishing, though, it came under criticism for being unintelligible. It was then that he started writing The History of Great Britain. Shortly after, he wrote An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, which was more successful than the Treatise. He was convicted of heresy but because he was thought to be an atheist, he was considered to be outside the Churchs jurisdiction, so he got acquitted. Arguably, this is better than being hung. When Hume was a young boy attending the University of Edinburgh he devoured books written by Voet, Vinnius, Cicero and Virgil. David Hume was heavily influenced by both John Locke and George Berkeley. He was also influenced by French-speaking Pierre Bayle and many prominent figures on the English intellectual landscape such as Issac Newton, Samuel Clark, Francis Hutcheson, who served as his teacher, and Joseph Butler who provided him feedback on his first work. Hume belongs to the philosophical school of British Empiricism. Hume writes his Empiricism with a combination of both positive and negative aims. These aims are strongly cornered on the belief that simple ideas are combined to form complex ideas. The counter philosophical school during this time period were the Continental Rationalists. The British Empiricists put great value in experience whereas the Continental Rationalists worked to break down the views held during the Medieval Ages. Hume spent much of his time writing about religion, but it is difficult to discern his own religious views from the ones he writes about. He was living in a time where being an atheist could bring about harsh consequences in society. Hume never came out and declared himself an atheist and his writings showed nothing but ambiguity on the subject. In many of his writings he attacks many of the basic assumptions of religion and Christian beliefs, yet in other works he claims that, [t]he whole frame of nature bespeaks an intelligent author. It has been said by scholars that perhaps Hume was irreligious as opposed to atheist. Hume did not believe in the God of standard theismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ but he did not rule out all concepts of deity. The first half of the eighteenth century in Scotland was fraught with civil discontent, which was expressed in the form of the 1715 and 1745 Jacobite uprisings. When Charles Stuart, the Young Pretender, was chased out of Scotland after trying to conquer Britain, the Scottish were placed under an even tighter British rein and denied by proscription their traditional garb in 1747. In regards to John Locke, Humes philosophy does not explicitly have God as its foundation. This is evident in the chapter Of Refinement in the Arts, in which Hume argues for the value, both to society and the individual, of proper pursuit of luxury and refinement. His theory is not clearly tied to any belief in a deity, but neither does it reject deity. He instead argues from the perspective of whether or not innocent luxury is beneficial, not taking God into account. This difference between Locke and Hume relates to their views on reason and empirical observation. Both philosophers were empiricists, arguing that we arrive at knowledge through sensation. Yet Locke also believes in a law of reason and that certain things can be understood through the exercise of reason. Hume, however, is generally considered anti-rational. He argues that reason consists simply in the prescription of actions based on our passions which are in turn derived from our morals. Thus, reason can prescribe how we should act, what means we should employ, but it cannot prescribe the ends we pursue through those actions. This is fundamentally different from Locke, whose theory of society and government is grounded in the objective laws of nature and God. Again, this fundamental difference is reflected in Of Refinement in the Arts. Whereas Locke argues for a law of reason that prescribes the correct actions of a society and government, Hume argues that the best laws cannot be arrived at except through reason that has been refined by exercise. In other words, knowledge of the art of government does not come from an objective, external law of nature or reason, or from God, but from subjective human experience. Thus, for Locke, the best government is derived from the law of reason and has as its purpose the protection of everyones natural right to life, liberty, and property. Liberty, to Locke, is a natural right that government exists to protect. For Hume, a government that protects liberty is established from a society that is properly cultivated and refined, so that the people have acquired wealth and therefore has the power and the incentive to protect themselves from tyranny through good laws. Liberty and laws that protect it, to Hu me, are secured by motivated people, not established by God or by the law of reason. Another difference can be perceived in their views of education. Locke argues that the point of education is to allow one to understand the laws of nature or of society, and therefore to exercise liberty under those laws; Hume sees education as a major influence in allowing one to pursue those things that bring pleasure and enjoyment. Humes philosophy of the pursuit of pleasure and enjoyment, as the major theme in Of Refinement in the Arts, bears some similarities to Lockes philosophy, but also some important differences. Both philosophies are individualistic but are derived from fundamentally different bases. Locke argues that individuals, by nature, have a right to life, liberty, and property, the protection of which is the purpose of government. Hume argues that individuals should pursue innocent luxury, not as a God-given right, but as something that is beneficial both to individuals and to society.